Submissions+from+2010+students

The Arctic Ocean: where: extreme northern hemisphere significance: topped with ice for most of the year, location of mythic “Northwest Passage” (passage does exist, but covered by ice most of the year) Indian Ocean: where: south of South Asia, east of Africa, west of Oceania significance: 3rd largest, extensive trade throughout history, earliest traders used monsoon winds to navigate, scene of intense rivalries (especially during European colonial times) Atlantic Ocean: where: between North/South America and Europe/Africa significance: 2nd largest, center-stage of Columbian Exchange, traversed by billions of immigrants Pacific Ocean: where: between North/South America and Asia/Oceania significance: largest, many islands, Bering Sea/Straight (land bridge bringing people into the Americas), scene of intense modern warfare __Why you should know this__:Both multiple choice and essay questions may require you to have an understanding of the historical significance of the world’s oceans. __Example:__ Interactions between Muslims and Europeans during the seventeenth century were most commonly found in    the Atlantic Ocean the Arctic Ocean the South China Sea the Indian Ocean the Pacific Ocean This question is specifically calling on your knowledge of the historical significance of the world’s oceans and major seas.In the 17th century (1600’s), the most frequented oceans were the Atlantic and Indian.Contact between Muslims and Europeans would only be possible in the Indian Ocean.Indeed, remembering that the Indian Ocean was the busiest ocean in terms of commerce (exotic spices and goods from Asia and India, luxury commodities from the Middle East) at that time would help you immediately identify the correct answer.
 * TRADE WILL BE AN IMPORTANT QUESTION IN THE EXAM, ESPECIALLY DEALING WITH THE INTERACTIONS OF THE PEOPLE IN THE OCEANS!! Learn it !

__**10.Belief Systems and Religions of the Classical Period**__ Religious beliefs had an enormous impact on the political and social structures of classical civilizations.Moreover, religious beliefs helped define the cultural characteristics of these civilizations.An intimate knowledge of the fundamental beliefs, the impact of those beliefs on society, and the spread of these beliefs is required of AP World History students

Polytheism characteristic of early agricultural (River Valley) civilizations and Classical Mediterranean religions animism: form of polytheism in which gods/goddesses are found in naturally occurring objects (trees, stones, plants); characteristic of African and Polynesian religions 2.Hinduism developed from the literature/oral traditions of the Aryans in present-day India no single founder polytheistic: many gods, principle gods were Vishnu (provider) and Shiva (destroyer) Brahmins were priests, at the top of social structure Brahama = divine essence; meaningful life is union with Brahma through reincarnation (this is called moksha and means the soul no longer experiences suffering) karma = a person’s good and bad deeds; determines form of reincarnation dharma = moral code to guide life and actions worship of cattle as sacred (housing reincarnated souls); consumption of beef forbidden Significance:religious beliefs reinforced caste system, strengthened patriarchy by stressing obligations to community and family; beliefs continue to influence Indian society today Spread: Hindu beliefs spread along the Silk Roads and to Southeast Asia via Indian Ocean trade 3.Buddhism developed by Sidartha Gautama and his followers in Northeastern India in the mid 500’s BCE; “Buddha” = the enlightened one, but NOT a deity Similar to Hinduism: relief from worldly suffering through the union of soul with divine spirit (nirvana); belief in reincarnation Departures from Hindu beliefs: stressed equal treatment of all people (therefore opposed to caste system) Ideas of equality appealed especially to those of the lower classes Spread:Buddhist monasteries established along trade routes; monks and nuns hosted travelers and spread beliefs; Mauryan emperor Ashoka promoted Buddhism after he converted Significance: Buddhism achieved widespread popularity, especially in East and Southeast Asia, although it lost popularity in India itself; offered an alternative to Hinduism for those in the lower castes, providing these people with hope for a better life in the future 4.Confucianism Emerged during the Era of Warring States (between Zhou and Qin dynasties) Kung Fu-tse (Confucius): Chinese scholar and philosopher who studied the literature of the Zhou period and developed a theory of how to establish stability in China Confucius taught that good, stable government depended on educated civil servants and adherence to virtue; specifically stressed a series of patriarchal relationships such as obedience and loyalty to the emperor, filial piety and veneration of ancestors Followers recorded Confucius’ teachings in the Analects, which became the basis of the program of study for those wishing to enter China’s bureaucracy (after the Han established the civil service examinations) Significance:Confucius’ teachings became the cornerstone of Chinese tradition and culture; civil service examinations provided a greater level of competency among government employees; Confucianism supported autocratic government in China and preserved patriarchal social structures/gender roles; continues to have an influence in much of East Asia today Spread: although Confucianism remains primarily a Chinese belief system, elements of Confucianism have been adopted in areas that fell under Chinese control (such as Korea and Vietnam) or in areas that imported heavily from Chinese culture (such as Japan) Daoism Emerged during the Era of Warring States (between Zhou and Qin dynasties) Lao-zi (Lao-tsu) = founder of philosophy Philosophy:balance in nature (yin and yang) is preferable; human understanding of nature and harmonious balance achieved by following “the Way” (the life force found in nature) Political affiliations: Daoism, in stark contrast to Confucianism, teaches that political activism and education are not necessary to harmony in nature because the natural flow of events would resolve problems Significance: the Chinese adapted some Daoist principles to fit with Confucianism to reinforce ideas about responsibility for the community and the importance of meditation; ideas have influence on modern pop-culture (the Force, in Star Wars) Spread: Daoism, like Confucianism, remains primarily a Chinese belief system, however, elements of Daoism have been adopted in areas that fell under Chinese control (such as Korea and Vietnam) or in areas that imported heavily from Chinese culture (such as Japan) Judaism ~2000 BCE: migration of Abraham from Mesopotamia to Canaan; followers called Hebrews Monotheistic: the first people to have a monotheistic religion; have a covenant in which Yahweh is their god and Jews are his followers; history recorded in Torah (Hebrew scriptures, Old Testament of Christian Bible) History: migration out of Canaan to Egypt (famine?); enslaved by Egyptians; exodus and freedom from slavery led by Moses; receipt of the Ten Commandments as law for the Jews; return to Canaan (Palestine) and establishment of theocracy (rule by religious leaders); establishment of Kingdom of Israel under Saul; Jerusalem becomes capital of Israel under David; kingdom weakens under Solomon (taxes); division of Israel into two kingdoms, Israel (North) and Judah (South); Northern kingdom fell to Assyrians, 722 BCE, leading to first Jewish diaspora; Southern kingdom fell to Babylonians (Chaldeans) in 586 BCE and Jews taken into captivity in Babylon; Persian invasion led by Cyrus the Great led to renewed freedom for Jews; Jews return to Palestine, which remains under Persian control until becoming a part of the Roman empire (province of Judea, 63 BCE); 132 CE: rebellion of Jews against Romans led to second diaspora Spread: Followers of Judaism did not try to convert others to their religion Significance: first monotheistic religion; foundation for future monotheistic religions of Christianity and Islam; pattern of persecution against Jewish people continues even today Christianity 4-6 BCE: birth of Jesus Christ, believed Messiah prophesized by Jewish faith History: Jesus, as an adult, traveled around Judea, accompanied by 12 disciples,preaching forgiveness of sins; called the Christ = “anointed”; Jesus’ teachings perceived as a threat to Jewish and Roman authority in the region; trial and execution of Jesus; resurrection of Jesus and foundation of Christianity as followers of Jesus traveled the Roman empire spreading Jesus’ message; accounts of Jesus’ life and teachings found in New Testament of Christian Bible Spread: missionaries used Roman roads to spread the message of Jesus; religion spread rapidly throughout the empire, although for the first few hundred years it was not openly tolerated; as Christianity gained popularity, Roman Emperors accepted its existence and later emperors even converted, establishing Christianity as the official religion of the Empire; after the collapse of the western half of the empire, Christianity spread further north in Europe and East into Eastern Europe, the Balkans, and Russia Significance: Christianity continues to have an enormous influence on Western Culture and is considered one of the West’s most important cultural heirlooms from Roman times; Christianity had wide appeal among the poor and among women because its stress on the concept of equality in faith; served as a unifying force among Europeans after the fall of the Roman Empire; earliest organized Christianity in the form of Catholicism, which had a significant influence on Medieval and Early Modern European rulers


 * __Why you should know this:__**You are required to know the fundamental beliefs of the world’s major religions as well as the impact of these religions on the societies they touched.You must be familiar with the interaction/relationship between these religions and the political and social structures they influenced.You must also be aware of specific cultural characteristics displayed by each


 * __Example:__** Using the following documents, analyze the responses of the spread of Buddhism in China.What kinds of additional documents would you need to evaluate Buddhism’s appeal in China?

Chinese Dynasties

Shang- 1766 BCE - 1027 BCE

 * The Shang dynasty ruled parts of northern and central China. Its capital city was located at Anyang near the border of Henan from about 1384 BCE. This dynasty was based on agriculture; millet, wheat, and barley were the primary crops grown. In addition to the crops, silkworms, pigs, dogs, sheep, and oxen were raised. Aside from their agricultural prowess, the Shang dynasty was also advanced in metallurgy. Bronze ships, weapons, and tools were found from that era.
 * The Shang dynasty was an aristocratic society, with a king ruling over the military nobility. Territorial rulers were appointed by him in return for their support in his military campaigns. Underneath the aristocratic class was the priest class. The priests kept the records of the government and were also in charge of religion. The religion in the time of the Shang dynasty was based on ancestor worship and a worship of many gods; the main god was known as Shang Ti, the Lord on High.
 * The fall of the Shang dynasty was much like that of the Xia dynasty, the last king was a cruel tyrant. Instead of the people overthrowing the king, he was killed by a king from a rival kingdom, the Chou kingdom. The Chou dynasty was part of the Shang kingdom; its civilization was a combination of the Shang culture and that of non-Chinese civilizations.

Zhou-1122 BCE - 256 BCE
The Chinese civilization expanded during the time of the Zhou dynasty. The massive size that the dynasty covered was too much for the Zhou leaders to handle due to the poor means of communication. Because of this, the leaders decided to appoint people to oversee each of the territories. The territories started off as walled off cities. The leader of each of the territories was the lords, each receiving the title through inheritance. Next in the hierarchy were the fighting men, followed by the peasants and the domestic slaves. Soon, these territories became more independent, eventually breaking away from the main Zhou dynasty leaders. The Zhou society was based on agricultural production. During that time, the land of the lords was divided among the peasants to grow crops. They were divided up into three by three squares, with the eight outer squares being worked on by the peasants. The center tract of land was worked on by all eight of the peasants for the lord. The extent of this type of land distibution was unclear, but the later dynasties believed that this was the most equitable way of dealing with land distribution and use. The religious practice of the Zhou Empire reflected their hierarchical way of life. The Zhou kings believed that they were given a mandate from heaven to rule. The lords of the territories prayed to the local nature gods and to the gods of agriculture in addition to their ancestors..

The Golden Age of Chinese Philosophy
The principles of Taosim are explained in the Tao-te-Ching or "Classic of the Way and Its Virtue."
 * The most influential of the philosophers was Confucius.
 * Confucius was the representation of the emerging class of administrators and advisors that were needed to aid ruler’s deal with the ever-present need of diplomacy with other states and internal administration. Confucius wanted a return to the Zhou style of governing. (He believed that the rulers of that period had tried to develop a society based on the example of great personal virtue. By this, Confucius then took to the task of creating a class based on virtue that would take over the high positions of government and lead the people by their example.)
 * In addition to Confucianism, another school of philosophy was Taoism.
 * The belief is that the government should be hands off, and let the people deal with the problems of nature and the people should return to primitive agricultural communities.
 * Legalism was the third school of philosophy.
 * The philosophers felt that, during their time of great disorder and chaos, something needed to be done. The legalist philosophers believed that every aspect of life should be ruled by a set of strict and impersonal laws.

AP Sites that WILL help-

Melisa TReshnjeta
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[] Some of the best notes, outlines, vocabulary terms, practice tests, biographies, essays, DBQs and study guides. It has notes dating back from the start of humans to the modern world, it has vocab. That you need to know. There's also an active [|forum] with over **80,000+** members where you can get help with your homework, talk about life in general, debate current events, or just talk about your daily lives

[] Get the Notes, Analysis, Practice Quiz Questions and Essay Help You Need. This is another site that ranges from AP course notes, to assignments, essay questions, teachers that can help. The best thing about it it’s the practice quizzes to prepare you in the future.

[] This site will help you with different areas of world history that other people have put up. It’s a great resource of sharing ideas on studying and getting a 5 on the AP Exam. You have 11 pages of study guides to use, and flash cards which are good for memorization. [] Spark notes is good a 40 multiply. Question for test. AP World History Diagnostic Test, this test is composed of 40 multiple-choice questions that are similar to those you will find on the actual AP exam on test day. On the real AP exam, the multiple-choice section is composed of 70 questions worth 50 percent of your grade that you have 55 minutes to complete. The real exam also contains a free-response section constituting 50 percent of your final grade. [] This is the College Board, which is legit to study any of their notes and quizzes. This guide offers teachers and students a way to begin to explore the enormous amount of material on the World Wide Web relevant to world history. Of the nearly 500 sites listed in this guide, most focus directly on world history topics. A smaller number, while not expressly world history sites, do take a world history perspective. All of them offer materials useful to the AP World History curriculum.

To make a time line,. A great choice to study in this class would be to go to http://www.readwritethink.org/files/resources/interactives/timeline/ and make yourself a time line. Check it out! You can put in a Title and your name. Then choose your unit of measurement based on date, time, event, or other. then you click next entry. You just fill in the boxes with the appropriate info and the computer will do the rest. Its a great choice for WHC!

Abigail Fenn 1B India Persia

Politics Political developments impacted the growth of Buddhism, after the reign of King Ashoka. Ashoka was the third and greatest ruler of the Mauryan Dynasty; The Mauryan Dynasty came to rule a good part of the area for three hundred years. Ashoka’s early life was spent by conquering different regions of India. India was politically fragmented into separate kinship and independent groups during this period. The fourth century came and a new empire rose. It never got as big as the Mauryan. This empire was that of the Gupta Empire.Chandra Gupta was the king. He modeled himself after the Mauryan founder. Despite his efforts his empire was smaller, did not build a bureaucracy to rule subjects, and no control over local lords. Today India is a Democratic Republic with a Parliamentary system of Government. Their president is the constitutional head of the executive union. The President is elected by members of an Electoral College. It consists of elected members of both Houses of Parliament and Legislative Assemblies of the states. President Pratibha PATIL (since 25 July 2007); Vice President Hamid ANSARI (since 11 August 2007) they are the chief of state

Economic In 4th Century BCE, India was wealthy because it was strategically located on the major trade routes like the Silk Road. With on the Silk Road they traded agriculture, which was very easy to do because of the natural river, Ganges that flowed through much of India. India had two times of urbanization in its history.The second period took place during the sixth century. Agriculture became even more prominent as cities and towns began popping up and more families began to begin. Thus the population began to grow. With the agricultural business increasing many farmers had to find ways to produce more food faster.They began to use iron tools to cut off crops. This made the cultivation process go faster. It got to the point where they had more than they needed in food so they began to use it for trade more and more. This was a great way to gain money and not waste food.

Religion Symbolism is a huge thing in Indian believes. In everyday life most Indians participate in religious traditions and practices. 1500-500 B.C.E. is called the “Vedic Age” after the Vedas, which was the biggest religious group in India at the time. The religious text was the Rig Veda. The Vedas passed down religious text in the forms of hymns, songs, and prayers to the Aryans.The Aryan religion blended with the Dravidians, this is recorded in the works of the Upanishads. Upanishads believed in a universal spirit known as Brahman and reincarnation, the rebirth or a soul after death. The human spirit is the Atman. If the human was ethical the soul could join the Brahman. Eventually this believes became Hinduism. This for a long time was the most popular religion. After Hinduism, Buddhism became the second most popular religion. It was founded by Siddhartha Gautama. He sought the meaning of life and along the way became the Buddha. Buddha means “the enlightened one.” In the eighth century, Islam spread wildly from the west India to the south. Causing India to have the fourth largest population in the entire world.

Social The main item in the social ladder is the caste system. The caste system is a harsh classification between classes. There are different rungs of the ladder; these are, in order from high to low, Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra, and the untouchables. Brahmins are related to priests today, they represented knowledge and intellect. Kshatriya is the Warriors. Vaishya are landowners, merchants, and artisans. Shudra are the common people. The untouchables do not even have a rung on the ladder they are considered that low. Within which caste they are divided into jati, or birth groups. Each jati has its own, occupation, duties, and rituals. Women, in the minds of the Indians, have the nature to seduce men. Men were not supposed to be unguarded while in the presence of a woman. Men also had to honor the women because then the gods will be pleased with the people. If women are not honored then no sacred rights are upheld. But, a woman must never be independent. She cannot leave her husband, sons, or father.

[|Elizabeth I PP] Abigail Fenn, click link then on the sharepoint page click the blue link.

[|Worksheet]Abigail Fenn Once again click the link then click the blue sharepoint link

Jade Huger-Sanders 

